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The Arduino family is perhaps the most impactful set of systems that have hit robotics in a long time. I’ve used several of them.
Overview
The image above shows the variations you can get when buying an “Arduino compatible” controller. I’ve used a number and find they are all good representatives of what you can do.
Examples
The Boardunio is compatible with the Arduino software but plugs right into a solderless breadboard.
The Arduino Duemilanove is perhaps the most popular of the Arduino boards and the one that most people are exposed to first.
The Arduino Mega was the answer to insufficient I/O. Since there are a number of AVR chips with additional I/O pins, the folks at arduino.cc built one.
The Sippino is an Arduino compatible with all of its I/O on a single inline plug. This makes it compact and breadboard compatible.
The Uno is the follow on design to the original Duemilanove, it substitutes a ‘soft’ USB interface with the ATTiny which allows for more customization.